The effect of cultural diversity on the insecurity of Khuzestan cities in the second half of the rule of Al-Buyeh (372-447 AH)

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Author

Associate Professor of َAzarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Al-Buyeh's attempt to dominate the center of the caliphate required their conquest of Khuzestan. This rule until the end of the reign of Azad-Dulah and the relative security and construction measures, as well as the lack of impact of harmful natural events, caused the growth and prosperity of the cities of the region. In the second half of Al Boyeh's rule (372-447 AH) with the death of Azd al-Dawlah and the start of conflict between the claimants of the government and the resulting insecurity caused crisis and chaos and neglect of construction measures. Natural disasters in the form of floods, plant pests and earthquakes with their direct damage caused further deterioration of the situation and decline of urban life. In this research, the role of insecurity in different forms as an independent variable on the decline of Khuzestan cities is investigated by relying on geographical sources to give an answer to the main question. How has insecurity in the form of successive wars over government and natural disasters affected the decline of Khuzestan cities? It seems that successive wars are the primary cause of insecurity, which has been intensified in various ways by the occurrence of natural disasters and has played an undeniable role in the decline of the cities of the region.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Publisher: University of Tabriz       Copyright © The Authors   

   

 

This is an open access article distributed under the following Creative Commons license: Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

References

  1.  

    1. Ibn Abī Aṣība, Ahmad ibn Qāsem (1386), ‘Uyūn al-Anbā’ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbā’, Tarjome-ye Seyyed Jafar Ghaẓbān, Tehrān: Dāneshgāh-e ‘Olūm Pezeshkī-ye Irān.
    2. Ibn Athīr, ‘Izz al-Dīn Muhammad (1371), Tārīkh-e Kāmel Bozorg-e Islām va Irān, ‘Abbās Khalīlī va Abū al-Qāsem Ḥālat, Tehrān: ‘Elmi.
    3. Ibn Baṭūṭah, Abū ‘Abdallāh Muhammad (1376), Safarnāmeh-ye Ibn Baṭūṭah, Muhammad‘Alī Mohaqqeq, Tehrān: Āgeh.
    4. Ibn Balkhī (1374), Fārsnāmeh, Taṣḥīḥ-e Manṣūr Rastgār Fasā’ī, Shīrāz: Bonyād-e Fārs Shenāsī.
    5. Ibn Jaljal, Sulaymān ibn Ḥassān (1349), Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbā’ va al-Ḥukamā’, Seyyed Muhammad Kāẓem Emām, Tehrān: Dāneshgāh-e Tehrān.
    6. Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsem Muhammad (1366), Safarnāmeh-ye Ibn Ḥawqal Irān dar Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, Ja‘far Sha‘ār, Tehrān: Amīrkabīr.
    7. Ibn Ṭabāṭabā, Ibrāhīm ibn Nāṣer (1372), Mohājerān-e Āl Abū Ṭāleb, Muhammad Reẓā ‘Aṭā’ī, Mashhad: Bonyād-e Pazhūheshhā-ye Eslāmī-ye Āstān-e Qods-e Razavī.
    8. Ibn Faqīh, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1379), al-Buldān, Muhammad Reẓā Ḥakīmī, Tehrān: Bonyād-e Farhang-e Irān.
    9. Ibn Miskawayh, Abū ‘Alī Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1376), Tajārib al-Umam, ‘Alī Naqī Manzavī, Tehrān: Tūs.
    10. Ibn Nadīm, Muhammad ibn Isḥāq (1381), al-Fihrist, Muhammad Reẓā Tajaddod, Tehrān: Asātīr.
    11. Aḥmadvand, Fātemeh (1392), Ta’thīr-e ‘Avāmel-e Joghrāfiyā’ī bar Vaz‘iyat-e Eghtesādī va Sīyāsī-ye Khūzestān: az Fath-e Islāmī tā Pāyān-e Āl-e Būyeh (448-14 Q), Resāleh barāye Daryaft-e Daraje-ye Doktorī, Dāneshkade-ye Elhīyāt Dāneshgāh-e Tehrān.
    12. Eqtedārī, Ahmad (1353), Diyār-e Shahriyārān, Tehrān: Anjoman-e Āsār-e Mellī.
    13. Eqtedārī, Ahmad (1375), Khūzestān va Kohgīlūye va Mamasanī, Tehrān: Mo’assese-ye Farhangī-ye Āyāt.
    14. Emām-e Shūshtarī, Muhammad‘Alī (1331), Tārīkh-e Joghrāfiyā-ye Khūzestān, Tehrān: Anjoman-e Āsār-e Mellī.
    15. Emām-e Shūshtarī, Muhammad‘Alī (1379), Tārīkh-e Khūzestān, Tehrān: Anjoman-e Āsār va Mafākher-e Farhangī.
    16. Bahrānīpūr, ‘Alī va Kāẓemī, Sajjad (1394), “Dalāyel Barāmadan va Zawāl-e Shahrhā-ye Masir-e Rudkhāneh-ye Kārūn dar Khūzestān Qorūn-e 3-4 Q”, Motāle‘āt-e Tārīkh-e Farhangī, Sh. 26, pp. 1-28.
    17. Bilādhurī, Ahmad ibn Yaḥyā (1337), Futūḥ al-Buldān, Muhammad Tawakol, Tehrān: Nashr-e Noqreh.
    18. Beit Hardān, Elhām (1393), Barrasi-ye Owzā‘-e Sīyāsī va Ejtemā‘ī-ye Khūzestān Zamān-e Āl-e Būyeh, Pāyān-Nāmeh barāye Daryaft-e Daraje-ye Kārsnāsi-ye Arshad, Gorooh-e Tārīkh Dāneshgāh-e Lorestān.
    19. Jarfādeqānī, Abū al-Sharaf Nāṣeh ibn Zafar (1374), Tarjome-ye Tārīkh-e Yamīnī, Taḥqīq: Ja‘far Sha‘ār, Tehrān: ‘Elmi va Farhangī.
    20. Jazāyerī Shūshtarī (1348), Ketāb-e Tazkereh-ye Shūshtar, Tehrān: Ketābkhāneh-ye Ṣadr.
    21. Hojjatī, Sādeq (1393), Tārīkh, Farhang va Tamaddon-e Irān dar ‘Asr-e Āl-e Būyeh, Tehrān: Pārseh.
    22. Ḥaqīqat, ‘Abdol-Rafī‘ (1398), Dāneshmandān-e Irānī az Kohan-tarīn Zamān-e Tārīkhī tā Pāyān-e Dowre-ye Qājār, Tehrān: Kumesh.
    23. Khodrī Gharībvand, Muhammad (1399), Owzā‘-e Eghtesādī va Farhangī-ye Īyālat-e Khūzestān dar Dowre-ye Eslāmī tā Qorūn-e 8 H.Q., Pāyān-Nāmeh barāye Daryaft-e Daraje-ye Kārsnāsi-ye Arshad, Gorooh-e Tārīkh Dāneshgāh-e Zanjān.
    24. Dīnvarī, Abū Ḥanīfe (1371), Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl, Maḥmūd Mahdavī Dāmghānī, Tehrān: Nashr-e Nī.
    25. Siyāhpur, Keshvārd (1389), “Naqsh-e Sīyāsī, Nezāmī Kordān Fārs va Khūzestān dar Dowre-ye Futūḥ-e Eslāmī”, Tārīkh-e Irān, Sh. 5, pp. 97-116.
    26. Ẓiyā’pūr, Jalīl (bi-tā), Mād-hā va Bonyāngozārī-ye Nokhostīn-e Shāhanshāhī dar Gharb-e Felāt-e Irān, Tehrān: Anjoman-e Āsār-e Mellī.
    27. ‘Abbādī, ‘Abdolvāhed (1388), “Banāder-e Khūzestān dar Qorūn-e 3 va 4 H.Q.”, Roshd-e Āmūzesh-e Tārīkh, Sh. 35, pp. 36-41.
    28. ‘Aṭā’ī, Mortezā; Nīstānī, Javad; Mūsavī Gohar, Mahdī; Mūsavī Ḥājī, Rasoul (1393), “Rostebād-e Khūzestān va Rostebād-e ‘Irāq, Barrasi-ye Joghrāfiyā-ye Tārīkhī-e Jāy-e Nāmhā-ye Mosāveh”, Tārīkh-e Farhang va Tamaddon-e Eslāmī, Sh. 6, pp. 113-130.
    29. Fasā’ī, Hasan ibn Hasan (1382), Fārsnāmeh-ye Nāserī, Taṣḥīḥ-e Manṣūr Rastgār Fasā’ī, Tehrān: Amīrkabīr.
    30. Qazvīnī, Zakariyā ibn Muhammad (1373), Āsār al-Buldān va Akhbār al-‘Ibād, Jahāngīr Mīrzā Qājār, Tehrān: Amīrkabīr.
    31. Qaftī, Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Yūsuf (1347), Tārīkh al-Ḥukamā’ Qaftī, beh Koshesh-e Behin Dārā’ī, Tehrān: Dāneshgāh-e Tehrān.
    32. Qomī, ‘Abbās (1350), Mashāhīr-e Dāneshmandān-e Islām (al-Kuny va al-Alqāb), Tarjome-ye Muhammad Bāqer Kamreh-’ī va Dīgarān, Tehrān: Eslāmīyeh.
    33. Kasravī, Ahmad (1353), Shahriyārān-e Gomnām, Tehrān: Amīrkabīr.
    34. Gardīzī, Abū Sa‘īd ‘Abdolḥay ibn Ḍaḥḥāk (1363), Zayn al-Akhbār, Taṣḥīḥ-e ‘Abdolḥay Ḥabībī, Tehrān: Donyā-ye Ketāb.
    35. Līmūchī Delī, Na‘īm (1398), Jādeh-hā va Mobādālāt-e Khūzestān (Sadeh-ye 1 tā 7 H.Q.), Pāyān-Nāmeh barāye Daryaft-e Daraje-ye Kārsnāsi-ye Arshad, Gorooh-e Tārīkh Dāneshgāh-e Shahīd Beheshtī.
    36. Madelong, Wilfrid (1372), “Nazargāh-e Kalām-e Ismā‘īlīyeh”, Tarjome-ye ‘Alī-Aṣghar Shīrī, Keyhān Andīsheh, Sh. 49, pp. 97-105.
    37. Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Muhammad (1383), Āyīn-e Ḥokmrānī, Ḥoseyn Sāberī, Tehrān: ‘Elmi va Farhangī.
    38. Mas‘ūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī (1374), Murawwij al-Dhahab va Ma‘ādin al-Jawhar, Abū al-Qāsem Pāyandeh, Tehrān: ‘Elmi va Farhangī.
    39. Muqaddasī, Abū ‘Abdallāh (1361), Aḥsan al-Taqāsīm fī Ma‘rifat al-‘Iqālīm, ‘Alī Naqī Manzavī, Tehrān: Sherkat-e Moallefān va Motarjemān.
    40. Moddat Līdā, Pāpī, Sajjad (1400), “Barrasi-ye ‘Avāmel-e Roshd va Gostaresh-e Maktab-e Kalāmī-ye Mo‘tazeleh dar Khūzestān (Sadeh-ye 2 tā 4 H.Q.)”, Pazhūshnāmeh-ye Tārīkh-hā-ye Mahallī-ye Irān, Sh. 1, pp. 11-26.
    41. Al-Najāshī, Abī al-‘Abbās Ahmad ibn ‘Alī (bi-tā), Rijāl al-Najāshī, Taḥqīq: Seyyed Mūsā Shabīrī al-Zanjānī, bi-jā: Mo’assese al-Nashr al-Islāmī.
    42. Yāqūt Hamawī, Yāqūt ibn ‘Abdallāh (1380), Ma‘jam al-Buldān, ‘Alī Naqī Manzavī, Tehrān: Sāzmān-e Mīrās-e Farhangī.

    Manābe‘ ‘Arabī (Arabic Sources)

    1. Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsem Muhammad (1938), Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, Bayrūt: Dār Ṣāder.
    2. Ibn Faqīh, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1416 H.), al-Buldān, Taṣḥīḥ: Yūsuf al-Hādī, Bayrūt: ‘Ālem al-Kutub.
    3. Ibn Kathīr, Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar (1986), al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, Bayrūt: Dār al-Fikr.
    4. Abū Ḥayān al-Tawḥīdī, ‘Alī ibn Muhammad (1992), Akhlāq al-Wuzarā’, Taṣḥīḥ: Muhammad ibn Tawīt al-Tanjī, Bayrūt: Dār Ṣāder.
    5. Taṭlī, Binyāmīn ibn Yūnah (2002), Riḥlat Binyāmīn al-Taṭlī, T‘ārīb: Ezra Ḥaddād, Abū Ẓabī: al-Majma‘ al-Thaqāfī.
    6. Al-Ṣāḥib ibn ‘Abbād, Ismā‘īl (bi-tā), Rasā’el al-Ṣāḥib ibn ‘Abbād, Taṣḥīḥ: Shawqī Ẓayf va ‘Abd al-Wahhāb ‘Azzām, bi-jā: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī.
    7. Yāqūt Hamawī, Yāqūt ibn ‘Abdallāh (1995), Ma‘jam al-Buldān, Bayrūt: Dār Ṣāder.
Iranian History of Culture
Volume 1, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
Spring & Summer
March 2024
Pages 65-85

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 11 January 2024
  • Revise Date: 09 February 2024
  • Accept Date: 11 March 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 March 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics