The position of phlebotomy (Fasd therapeutic method) in the health culture of Safavid era Iran

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

2 Expert at the Institute of Iranian History and Culture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

The issues related to maintaining health, dealing with all kinds of physical injuries and restoring lost health, can be studied according to the medical system in any era; Therefore, the current research is trying to investigate the issue of what was the place of blood collection through phlebotomy in the Iranian medical system during the Safavid era and how was it done? The findings of the present research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, show that: one of the preventive and therapeutic actions recommended by physicians in the framework of humors view(Tebb-e Akhlati), was to reduce the body's blood volume and remove waste materials by opening the veins of different body parts, which, considering the symptoms and conditions Temperament and humor, especially the predominance of blood, physical strength, body shape, gender, age, season, occupation, etc., were performed. Compliance with health and preventive measures by the patient before performing phlebotomy and awareness of the phlebotomy regarding care measures and fixing possible errors during and after phlebotomy, guaranteed the effectiveness and safety of this method. The materials presented in the current research are important and practical in terms of informing the general public, health groups, and those responsible for the matter.

Keywords

Main Subjects


   

 

This is an open access article distributed under the following Creative Commons license: Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

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Volume 1, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
Spring & Summer
March 2024
Pages 125-142
  • Receive Date: 15 January 2024
  • Revise Date: 16 February 2024
  • Accept Date: 26 February 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 March 2024